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by creating or purchasing databases from external providers) (EIOPA 2018). This argument is also supported by the fact that some re/insurers reported that they are working to improve their cyber pricing models (e.g. Combining external data with insurance portfolio data therefore seems to be essential to improve the evaluation of the risk and thus lead to risk-adjusted pricing (Bessy-Roland et al. These high levels of uncertainty mean that cyber insurers are more inclined to overprice cyber risk cover (Kshetri 2018). To date, traditional risk assessment methods have been untenable for insurance companies due to the absence of historical claims data (Sheehan et al. The identified open data can support cyber insurers in their efforts on sustainable product development.

Finally, this research paper highlights the need for open access to cyber-specific data, without price or permission barriers.

In addition, further information on datasets is attached to provide deeper insights and support stakeholders engaged in cyber risk control and cybersecurity. By identifying and critically analysing the available datasets, this paper supports the research community by aggregating, summarising and categorising all available open datasets. This is the first systematic review of data availability in the general context of cyber risk and cybersecurity. The study reviews the existing literature and open data sources related to cybersecurity and cyber risk. This research takes a risk management perspective, focusing on cyber risk and considering the role of cybersecurity and cyber insurance in risk mitigation and risk transfer. The goal of this centre is to increase the security of the internet and other critical network and information systems (European Council 2021). The importance of this topic is demonstrated by the announcement of the European Council in April 2021 that a centre of excellence for cybersecurity will be established to pool investments in research, technology and industrial development. The lack of data poses challenges for many areas, such as research, risk management and cybersecurity (Falco et al. It could also be due to the fact that, in general, institutions that have been hacked do not publish the incidents (Eling and Schnell 2016). Firstly, it is an emerging and evolving risk therefore, historical data sources are limited (Biener et al. Despite the increasing relevance for the international economy, the availability of data on cyber risks remains limited. Cyber vulnerabilities pose significant corporate risks, including business interruption, breach of privacy and financial losses (Sheehan et al. The impacts of inadequate cybersecurity are estimated to have cost the global economy USD 945 billion in 2020 (Maleks Smith et al. Whilst it is an emerging field of research and industry, the importance of robust cybersecurity defence systems has been highlighted at the corporate, national and supranational levels. Globalisation, digitalisation and smart technologies have escalated the propensity and severity of cybercrime. The resulting data evaluation and categorisation will support cybersecurity researchers and the insurance industry in their efforts to comprehend, metricise and manage cyber risks. In particular, we identify a lacuna in open databases that undermine collective endeavours to better manage this set of risks. We posit that the lack of available data on cyber risk poses a serious problem for stakeholders seeking to tackle this issue. From a preliminary search resulting in 5219 cyber peer-reviewed studies, the application of the systematic methodology resulted in 79 unique datasets. This research analyses the extant academic and industry literature on cybersecurity and cyber risk management with a particular focus on data availability. With the average cyber insurance claim rising from USD 145,000 in 2019 to USD 359,000 in 2020, there is a growing necessity for better cyber information sources, standardised databases, mandatory reporting and public awareness. Cybercrime is estimated to have cost the global economy just under USD 1 trillion in 2020, indicating an increase of more than 50% since 2018.

Csi hidden crimes hack android no survey